The Truth about Mark Rober's Son is also The Truth About my Son,

QUARKS offer more particles

This is not a lesson on Standard Model but for a quick idea, QUARKS make up hadrons of the universe and mesons too. Generally quarks of different flavors or colors combine to form a more complex elementary particle. A quark-anti-quark pair tend produce MESONS and TRIOS of certain quarks produce HADRONS. However only a certain combination of quarks in trios produce hadrons. Or do they?

In this article, it appears that as humans start questioning an observed rule of nature, nature confounds us again by agreeing with those who question the Trio rule of quarks/ A 4-quark particle? A 5-quark particle? The Quantum Framework, is, as always the most accurate theory ever made but an accurate theory on uncertainties. Read this article to start confounding yourself again. This is why I love physics

http://home.web.cern.ch/about/updates/2014/04/lhcb-confirms-existence-exotic-hadrons

other readings
http://lhcb-public.web.cern.ch/lhcb-public/

Electrons keep on surprising physicists


One of the most surprising things about electrons is that it still keeps on surprising physicist. After all, it has been announced long before as a fundamental particle. Since it is a fundamental particle already, then what else can get out of a main building block? What has a dead end has to offer anyway?

          Permit me to go back in time to look at how electrons came about. Electrons first came into scientific existence when it showed itself as a cathode ray when a German physicist Johann Hittorf tried studying the electrical properties of gases in near vacuum state. That was in 1869. It is even called a beta ray. Its existence as a form of radiation later changed into particle when its mass was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1896 and its charge was clearly measured with finality with Robert Millikan's oil-drop experiment in 1909. Since then Quantum Mechanics observed its wave-like characteristics. It is wave-like especially in highly confined state like the atom but remains as a particle as a free particle. Louis de Broglie's prediction of its wave property in 1924 gave us a slightly probabilistic attribute as shown by Erwin Schroedinger in 1926. His equations gave the electron 3 quantum numbers in its confined state in the atom abd Paul Dirac discovered its Spin after incorporating Einstein's special relativistic into Quantum Mechanics.

          Consequently, efforts to smash the electron into smaller parts were not successful enough. Its been classified as 1st generation LEPTON, then to differentiate it further from quarks, its also classified as FERMION as opposed from BOSON. For all its properties, it is probably the particle with a wide range of application - X-rays, electron microscope, electron lithography and of course the cathode ray tube (except for photon of course)

         A recent study (http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/173372-smoother-than-expected-electrons-could-mean-rethinking-particle-physics) now tells us that the electron is almost perfectly spherical particle due to its inabiity to "deform" as observed from dipole moment from its interactiuon with its supersymmetric partner. However, this property of electron deformation wasn't the intended observation anyway but for scientists looking for its super-partner. If these partners exist, they would have deformed the electron and that deformation must be observed from its variation of its electric dipole moment. It could be another blow to the search for the supersymmetric partcles. Personally though, I do not believe supersymmetry exists. It is an elegant mathematical solution but the universe in its smallest sense is at best not so elegant at all.

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Einstein;s biggest blunder (as he puts it himself) is the main priority of Astronomy today. Save for exo-planets, it is this enigmatic idea of the energy that;s stretching the universe thin and into nothingness. Why such a fuss on such a thing?

Nothing maybe.except that it constitutes 70 percent or more of what we don't see in the Universe,. But why is that? When Einstein first formulated the General Theory of Relativity, he first assumed that the universe is stable in itself. It doesn't grow nor shrink. It is just right. However when Lemaitre pointed out that the mathematics of Einstein's formula shows it is expanding, he immediately reformulated it by adding another term in the original formula (Rmn - gmn/2 R = 8pi G Tmn/c4) - Ricci Tensor-half of Metric Tensor x Scalar Curvature = Stress-Energy-Momentum Tensor  See this video.

By adding another Term called the Cosmological Constant, the function then causes the entire expression to balance out again. Forcing the entire expression to become stable. Later Edwin Hubble experimentally verified that the universe is constant, which led to Einstein's dropping the Cosmological Constant once more and called it his greatest blunder. However, latest measurements of Universal expansion show that the Universe is expanding faster than even Edwin Hubble imagined. Now Scientists have reinserted the Cosmological Constant once more but this time its sign is opposite. They then attribute this rapid acceleration as the Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant now stands as the mathematical representation of th Dark Energy.

This article then tells us what could be Einstein's greatest insight rather than blunder.

Dr. Physics lectures on Advanced Physics

I found this wonderful YouTube Channel on Advance Physics Topics, which I myself "enjoyed: watching and learning really great topics. Pardon a bit his thick British Accent but it is very easy to understand

https://www.youtube.com/user/DrPhysicsA?feature=watch

Learn Physics from this.

Projectile Motion

The projectile motion concept is one of the more difficult concepts for students to comprehend. Also, it is also one of the more difficult concepts to teach. The teacher who teaches projectile need to learn the following ideas about this motion and its equations before tackling it otherwise the teacher falls into the trap of thinking that some equations involving it has "no solution,"

1. Equations for projectile motion are idealized setup and maybe difficult to perform and even verify in an outside set-up with a high degree of precision and accuracy.
2. To make the experiment less erroneous otherwise it might develop misconceptions to students is that the projectile in the projectile motion is also idealized (Actually a point-mass). The closest thing to a point mass in this experiment are the following - a marble, a metal ball or a small piece of stone. 
3. A plane or winged projectile follows a path not described by the kinematical equations. More so a rocket. A rocket loses mass as it it propelled and therefore does not follow a path described by the kinematical equations.  The more aerodynamically sound the device is, the less it follows the kinematical equations. Aerodynamical system is affected by air pressure. 
1. For example, a pingpong ball approximately follows the kinematical equations. However when a player applies strong SPIN to the ball, the ball either bounces higher or lower. In flight the ball curves its path either to the right, left, or drops fast or drops slower than usual,. The spin gave it aerodynamical effects.
2. The same idea works for BADMINTON bird. The :"ball" drops fast since the ball is dragged by the air so as it reaches its peak it drops almost vertically
4. The solutions for kinematical .equations sometimes need trigonometric identityes and property

The complete K+12 Competencies

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B52LsZdeqWiFRGhEWFl2aTBzV0k/edit?usp=sharing
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B52LsZdeqWiFSW1CMTBQVzk1Zkk/edit?usp=sharing

Spend time reading and understanding these links. Download them if you must.